>> hello and welcome to global 3000. today we want to talk about global health care and how access to vital drugs could be made more affordable in poor countries. here's what's coming up -- malaria prevention in kenya -- how climate change is hampering the battle against mosquitoes. bitter pill -- how economic interests clash with the need to provide affordable healthcare. and one of europe's last primeval forests -- we discover an unspoiled ecosystem in poland.

we begin in africa, a continent with enormous health challenges. two thirds of all hiv infections and half of all malaria cases occur here. and yet, in global comparison most african countries have very limited health care budgets. in kenya alone some one hundred children die of malaria every day. many of these deaths could be prevented. but fighting the mosquito that transmits the disease, is becoming ever more complicated. rising temperatures in the tea growing area near kisumi in western kenya provide new breeding grounds. that's why -- in the face of limited funding -- experts are campaigning to raise awareness of the risks. >> thomas nyatome at the grave of his brother, who died from malaria four years ago.

thomas misses him very much. if his brother had gone to the hospital right away, he might still be alive. but he didn't realize he had malaria. >> after going to the hospital he was very, very sick. he couldn't make it back home alive. then he died. >> thomas and his brother used to make music together. now thomas must compose songs -- like the one on his cell phone -- on his own. malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. we travelled through western kenya to see how people are trying to protect themselves against it. like at this school in kisii.

the children learn how to protect themselves from mosquitoes in a playful way. but there's still a lot of fear.. >> i'm scared. one day i saw my friend being bitten. i was sleeping with my friend and i saw him bitten and he was crying for help. >> his friend is fine and the boys are learning how to live with their fear. gadson sings a rap song he wrote to reassure his fellow pupils. the song's message is that something can be done about malaria. and something is being done in this green portable building. here two aid organizations -- the kenya ngos alliance against malaria and british international health charity

merlin -- are working together. they also receive support from the us agency for international development. their campaign to eradicate alaria uses basic materials -- like kangas, a traditional garment worn in central and eastern africa. >> a kanga is used by women to wrap around their waists, as you can see i'm doing here. as they're moving around they're passing the message about malaria and mosquitoes. >> a hospital on the outskirts of kisii. pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria, but many aren't aware of that. grace omwoyo was one of them. she didn't like going to the doctor because she didn't have much money. then grace learned that she and her unborn baby were at risk from malaria. and she heard about the free kangas. the skirt reminds the 33-year-

old to come for regular check- ups. here they also provide her with a mosquito net for free. in kenya, half the people still live on less than two dollars a day -- and most of them are women. so they're the ones aid organizations are trying to get to come to hospitals to learn about malaria. the anti-malaria activists are meeting with the kenyan government and the world health organization. they're trying to better co- ordinate their efforts, due to changing circumstances. >> we have noticed they show increased malaria in areas where there were no malaria initially. and this is where climate change concerns are currently, because malaria has been climbed up the highlands.

>> in the tea growing region, the kenyan highlands, the nights are no longer cool enough to kill off the mosquitoes which transmit malaria. they breed rapidly at temperatures of 18 degrees celsius and higher. peter o nyabwengi contracted malaria and survived, as he was given medication right away. >> i was lucky. i'm not dead. that's why you are seeing me today! >> but he and his family have learned that, when it comes to malaria, you shouldn't just leave things to chance. peter's son now volunteers as a health worker. he visits waiting rooms in hospitals and informs people about the disease. he explains how people contract malaria, how to recognize the symptoms early and which medications help -- including preventative treatments.

the volunteer tells them that mosquitoes only transmit malaria. the disease is really caused by a parasite which attacks the liver and poisons the blood. most of all, he wants people to know that mosquito nets are widely available and hospitals even hand them out for free. and that they should spread the word. but that's not all. the world health organization hopes to eradicate malaria, with the help of pesticides. as mosquitoes often gather on inside walls of homes at night, kenyan authorities now systematically send out teams to conduct "indoor residual spraying". the mosquitoes then carry the poison back to their brood and die.

the insecticide, made by swiss firm syngenta, is widely used in europe to protect crops. sprayed rooms need to be aired out for two hours before residents can enter them again. thomas nyatome, whose brother died of malaria, hasn't had his home sprayed yet. but thanks to raised awareness about the disease, he now uses a mosquito net for protection -- and makes sure to close all the windows tightly at night. >> raising awareness is an important step. but when people become ill, a lack of medical infrastructure means easily treatable conditions can result in loss of life. a few cents in the price of drugs can make the difference between a patient receiving treatment or not. but what should pharmaceutical companies do to make sure their drugs can reach everyone who needs them. global 3000 has raised this question with representatives from both, industry and the scientific community.

>> a billion of the world's people don't receive adequate health care. diseases like cholera and tuberculosis, which have largely been eradicated in the west, still claim many lives in developing countries. the world health organization says each year six million children under the age of five die from lack of medical care. one reason is the high cost of medicines. >> overall, that's something which can only be solved by development. these countries lack not only affordable drugs, they also lack healthcare infrastructure -- everything from doctors, to logistics, supplies, pharmacies and diagnostic equipment. and it's society's duty to address these deficits. they can't be remedied in an ad hoc fashion. >> the prices for new medications are exorbitant. the problem is that the drug companies don't reveal the true

costs of their research, so it's very hard to verify. we do know that, globally, over half of the research expenditures in the pharmaceuticals area are paid with public funds. in other words, tax money which is given to universities or tax breaks given to companies for research purposes. >> so for each new drug developed, the public pays a large share of the r&d costs. in exchange for financing, many state-run research facilities allow pharma firms to acquire the sole patent rights. these companies alone determine the price of the drug and what diseases will receive priority in future research. >> the diseases which affect poorer countries are often the neglected ones -- the infectious diseases, tropical infectious diseases and poverty- related illnesses like tuberculosis. these are diseases that practically never occur here in germany, which is why the profit-oriented pharmaceutical industry has no interest in them.

for many decades practically no research was conducted in this area. >> that's why pharma firms invest in special programs and specialized research facilities. they know that these are developing markets. places where economic strength is increasing are the markets of the future -- and this is the way to tap into them. >> but now india has declared war on the pharmaceutical industry. for years this emerging economy has been producing large quantities of generic drugs -- copies of brand-name medications -- in violation of patents held by western drug makers. india's generic drug business is now worth some 20 billion euros a year. >> 80% or 90% of the active ingredients now come from india and china. india has also changed its patent laws, which is completely legitimate. but if they want to take advantage of these laws in other countries, they must respect them in their own.

>> as long as there's a monopoly, prices will continue to be high -- generally far too high. we need to employ other research models here. and with these other research models it wouldn't be a problem if medications were produced around the world as generic drugs -- and not just as a pricy, exclusive product. >> it's up to the politicians to exercise greater control to ensure that good health care is affordable to all -- not only the rich. >> and now we introduce you to another no-fuss food treat from around the world. i must admit that so far they haven't just been tasty, some have also been a bit heavy on the calorie side. but with this week's focus on health we decided to be on the safe side with probably the healthiest global snack ever. here it goes.

>> colombia's highway 45 runs between bogotá and santa marta. kemide rodriguez runs a fruit stall by the side of the road. those looking for a fresh, healthy snack just need to stop by. kemide rodriguez sells everything from locally-grown marañón or cashew fruit to papayas. >> this fruit is called marañón, at least that's what we call it. it's grown right around here. it's a natural remedy which is used to cure colds and treat asthma. >> a papaya from the fruit stall costs around one euro. kemide and his wife operate their stand from morning 'til night. the location is ideal.

>> sure, there's lots of traffic. plenty of tourists drive by here. we do a good business; that's why we're here. people know us, so quite a few vehicles stop by. donkeys, cars and big trucks -- simply everyone. most of them want to buy our fruit. >> colombia exports lot of bananas, but they're still a staple food here. so they're a must at the stall. kemide rodriguez even has his own small plantation, which produces some 200 banana stalks a year. but his customers also love starfruit. it's quick to prepare, filling, tastes great --and is nutritious too. >> this fruit, the carambola or starfruit also has a medicinal effect. we sell quite a lot of it. it's good for diabetics.

>> healthy and tasty. two good reasons to make a pit stop at the rodriguez family's fruit stand off highway 45. >> the growing demand for fish could soon push global stocks to the brink. one way of increasing a catch is to increase the size of nets or tighten the mesh to catch smaller fish. it's a practice that costs fishermen dearly in the next season, when too little fish have survived to replenish stocks. now one italian fisherman has chosen a radically different approach in a bid to prevent over-fishing. paolo faciulli is a campaigner for sustainable fishing methods. he wants to educate people who scarcely think twice about where their fish come from. global 3000 followed him out to sea. >> a sleepy little fishing village on italy's west coast. paolo fanciulli looks like an ordinary fisherman -- but impressions can be deceiving.

he hauls in fish -- and people, too. he's taking these tourists out on his fishing boat, the sirena, and telling them about the fish in this part of the mediterranean. the lesson begins as soon as they enter the fishing grounds. paolo only uses gillnets. the mesh of these nets is large enough that baby fish can't get caught in them. years ago paolo noticed that his catch was getting ever smaller. and he realized that fish are not a limitless resource. >> tourists come in the summer and only see the beautiful side of the sea. but the sea has a problem. in our consumer culture, 90% of the products we use wind up in the sea -- solvents and detergents harm not only the environment but people, too.

they develop more and more allergies. >> but fanciulli is also fighting against the use of drift- and trawl nets. they're actually illegal in the eu. but in italy alone, thousands of dolphins die each year after becoming caught in these tightly meshed nets. >> i've been fighting this illegal fishing since 1986, but even today fisherman continue to destroy the seabed. heavy chains attached to the trawl nets sweep away and destroy the seabed, and destroying what deprives the fish of their habitat. this. they don't know what kind of fish is on the market or who caught it -- even if, in recent years, some are conscious enough to buy fish from sustainable fisheries.

>> in his fight, paolo fanciulli doesn't shy aware from using drastic measures. with the authorities' support, he's sunk hundreds of cement blocks with barbed hooks into the sea. small fish find protection inside the blocks. but the iron hooks tear holes in fishermen's illegal trawl nets. recently, fish stocks here have increased. of course paolo fanciulli is also thinking of his own future. the activist says we need to strike a balance between profit he wants to raise awareness about the state of the sea. >> the sea belongs to all of us. so we're all responsible for its preservation. we must get this into the heads of the younger generation or we'll never be able to end the sea's exploitation. >> heads are one thing, stomachs another.

fanciulli's guests get to experience for themselves how good a freshly-caught fish tastes. raw or grilled, bream straight from the sea is a real treat. he says this makes people realize how important it is to be active in preventing overfishing. in italy's maremma region, the message seems to have sunk in. many fisherman are following paolo fanciulli's lead. >> so paolo fanciulli doesn't stand alone. but it is up to politicians to define the rules. a challenge that goes beyond national borders. preserving the riches of nature that still remain has long become a global task -- we met up with german environment minister peter altmaier and asked him to explain what biodiversity means to him. >> for me it means protecting this inheritance as these animal species have developed over hundreds of millions of years. there's a huge number of them.

each has its place in the ecosystem, its niche, its role in nature. and if these species are decimated in a short period of time we won't be able to bring them back -- not in our lifetime or in our children's. up to now we've had a un environment program in kenya; klaus töpfer was its director for many years. but this program is very small and not influential enough. that's why we want it to become a real organization -- like unesco or the un food and agriculture organization -- because we believe that environmental protection is as important as culture or agriculture. so this must be reflected in the importance of this organization. the greater its importance, the greater the chance of getting results in terms of environmental protection. time's running out.

>> the border region between poland and belarus is one of the last and largest remaining parts of the primeval forest that once stretched across the european plain. the bushka bjoo-veschka as it is known on the polish side is also increasingly becoming a visitor magnet. tourists, environmental campaigners and scientists all flock to this un world heritage site. >> when you've found your place in the world it's hard to explain what's so fascinating about it. it's like with love -- how can you explain exactly what you fell in love with? >> mateusz szymura is a tour guide. he leads his groups deep into the bialowieza forest. nowhere else in europe can as

many different species of birds be found in one place. szymura's father taught him what fascinates tourists from the cities -- this bracket fungus, for example. it's seven years old and hard as wood, the tour guide says. everything here grows the way it will. because a primeval forest is, by definition, free from human intervention. >> it teaches me to respect nature. it has its own plans which don't necessarily match mine. it's hard for people to accept that nature takes care of itself. >> located in eastern poland, the bialowieza forest has been a national park for nine decades. it's europe's last remaining primeval forest. unesco has declared it a world natural heritage site, due to the 20,000 species of plants and animals that live here.

the king of the forest is the european bison. a few live in captivity, for the tourists' benefit. but, in the wild, the once virtually extinct bison population has grown to 900. the bialowieza region uses the bison in its marketing. the village of bialowieza lies on edge of the forest. its 2,500 residents live almost exclusively from tourism. olimpia pabian runs a guest house in the center of town and plans to expand it. a trained chemist, pabian has created an academy for biodiversity which offers workshops and educational trips about the forest and its natural processes. >> i want to enable people to share their experiences, to see how environmental protection

and the needs of the local people can be brought together. there are conflicts here -- not everyone is respecting the environmental protection regulations. >> farmers are particularly unhappy. aleksy bojko wanted to build a barn on his land, but was denied a permit. the authorities claimed it would be too close to the forest. often bojko can't work his fields because birds are brooding in them. european bison and deer also invade his wheat fields. >> they inflict great damage. animals destroy up to 90% of the crops not protected by an electric fence, by eating them or trampling on them. with such a fence, which must be checked every day, the damage is only half as great. mateusz szymura loves to discover new places to show his tour groups.

the primeval forest has been around for some 12,000 years -- since the end of the last glacial period. >> this is a place where you can hear the silence -- the silence of being away from civilization. this forest is unique in the world. it's my second home. >> and each year 100,000 tourists pay it a visit. they're drawn by bialowieza's natural beauty and biodiversity. >> and we end on those beautiful images. until we meet again from myself and the entire global team bye bye and have a good week! captioned by the national captioning institute --www.ncicap.org--